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1. Vocal Dialects
- www.stanfordalumni.org
- Vocal Dialects .
- Local variants are called dialects. ... Among the White-crowned Sparrow populations of coastal California, distinct dialects may be separated by as little as a few yards in what appears to be essentially continuous habitat!.
- Vocal dialects appear to be learned. ... Factors that determine the geographic pattern of dialects include the accuracy with which the pitch and temporal characteristics of individual song components are learned, the distance young males disperse from where they hatch to where they breed, and the timing of dispersal relative to the sensitive period for learning.
- The "why" of dialects, their functional significance, has proven more elusive than the question of how they arise. Many ornithologists have assumed that dialects serve as indicators of genetic adaptation to local conditions. The dialects thus enable females to choose males from their own birth area, who presumably are carrying genes closely adapted to the specific environment in which breeding occurs. In other words, dialects function to promote "positive assortative mating" -- the breeding together of similar individuals. Experimental work with several species has shown that females are more responsive to their own song dialects than to more distant song dialects. Genetic studies of White-crowned Sparrows along the coast of northern California have shown genetic differences between birds of different dialects.
- Additional work has shown that females of some species are more responsive to songs of males with dialects other than their own, so that the assumption that a female breeds within the dialect region in which she was hatched is not always warranted. ... Surprisingly, they sang the song of nearby dialects, rather than their own local dialect. Presumably this indicates that they had chosen to mate with males from "foreign" dialects and had dispersed out of their native dialect region. ... If so, one might expect to find as much genetic differentiation between groups living in dramatically different habitats within a dialect region as between different dialects.
- Thus, the adaptive significance of dialects remains to be demonstrated. It may be that no selective force has acted to promote dialects. Instead, dialects may simply be epiphenomena -- that have arisen simply as a consequence of vocal learning -- and have no evolutionary significance.
2. Maps of Belarus: Dialects on Belarusian territory
- www.belarusguide.com
3. Gevey Language Resource - Dialects
- www.kalieda.org
- Gevey dialects.
- These changes occur in different places and between different groups of people unevenly, and as a result a number of dialects have evolved.
- Three factors in particular have encouraged the development of dialects:.
- Geographical dialects Geography has proved to be the main reason for the development of dialects - because of the mountainous nature of the interior of the continent, travel between communities has tended to be limited.
- The main differences between geographical dialects have been phonological and lexical. In many dialects, a number of sounds have lost their distinction, reducing the phonmetic richness of the language - for instance, the Coastal dialect offers no distinction between 'r' and 'rh', 'th' has become 'f', 'dh' has (almost) become 'v' and the indirect object suffix 'gz' has been reduced to 'g'. Similarly, while most dialects make a distinction between 'au' and 'ua', in the Valley dialect both vowels are sounded as 'au'.
- Different words will exist for a given object or action in different dialects. ...
- Linguists agree that there are 10 distinct geographical dialects currently existing in Gevey, though there is of course variation within each recognised dialect and the borders between some of the dialects is debatable. All dialects are however mutually intelligible. The dialects are (in no particular order):.
- Socio-economic dialects The major socio-economic dialect is of course Trade Gevey, which operates a full range of phonemes, a restricted lexicon and a base 8 counting system imported directly from the Ylstra-Bedin language. ...
- Two other major socio-economic dialects can be found throughout the Gevey speaking region: Monastic Gevey and Collegic Gevey, the second being the preferred dialect of skilled professionals such as healers and higher level teachers. ...
- Most peer group dialects will be a distortion of the underlying geographical dialect. ...
- The use of rhyming slang and other similar devices has been recorded in some peer groups, while the excessive use of derogatory epithets mark out other peer group dialects.
4. Dialects
- www.ned.univie.ac.at
- Dialects .
- For most Dutch and Flemish speakers the most obvious division is into northern and southern dialects - to the south of the "great rivers" (the Rhine and the Meuse) people use a "soft g" and to the north they don't. ...
- The western dialects still show a number of Inguaeonic characteristics ("Coastal Germanic" - cf Characterisation of the German language family) whilst the eastern dialects (Saxon regions and Limburg), for example, did not fully participate in the diphthongisation (huus, hoes) and moreover have a number of features in common with German dialects (old/ald instead of oud).
- The dialectologist Jo Daan distinguishes between 28 dialects of Dutch. ...
- The south-eastern dialects (Belgian and Dutch Limburg and some villages in north Brabant) .
- The north-eastern dialects (Groningen, Drente, some northern border regions by Friesland, Overijssel and eastern Gelderland) .
- The south-western dialects (West Flanders, French-Flanders, Zeeland and the islands of Goeree and Overflakkee in the province of South Holland) .
- The south central dialects (Brabant, Antwerp, East Flanders, North Brabant and southern Gelderland) .
- The north-western dialects (North Holland above the IJsselmeer, the non-Frisian Wadden islands, the coastal stretch of Holland province and the South Holland islands apart from Goeree and Overflakkee) .
- The north central dialects (the larger part of Utrecht and the provinces of North and South Holland between the IJsselmeer to the north and the Meuse and Lek to the south). ...
- Dialects which are widely separated from each other show differences which can sometimes be very great - a speaker of Groningen dialect will scarcely be able to understand a speaker of West-Flemish unless they both speak standard Dutch. ...
- Some Dutch dialects show marked correspondences to neighbouring German dialects. ...
- The demarcation between Dutch and German dialects is made on the basis of the standard language spoken in the region concerned. ...
- It is more difficult to define the demarcation between Dutch and Frisian dialects - it is not easy to decide whether the dialects of Leeuwarden, the Het Bildt area, Ameland and Midland are Frisian or Dutch, since both standard languages (Dutch and Frisian) are spoken in the same area (ie in the Netherlands). ...
- As a result of increasing mobility, improved education and a stronger sense of conformity (parents often no longer bring their children up in their own dialect), more and more dialects are disappearing. Instead of dialects we find a sort of regionally coloured standard language. This "regiolect" adopts a number of characteristics of a certain group of dialects (eg from the north-eastern dialects) - but only those characteristics which do not hamper communication between speakers from the different regions. ... Many dialects, especially those in towns, are now only used by speakers from the lower classes. ...
5. Dialects of TeX
- www.math.psu.edu
- Dialects of TeX .
- These comprehensive packages are sometimes known as ``dialects of TeX''. In addition to plain TeX, the commonly used dialects are: LaTeX, AMS-TeX, LAMS-TeX, and my favorite, AMS-LaTeX. These dialects have various advantages and disadvantages. ...
6. Dialects
- www.ziplink.net
7. English Accents and Dialects
- www.collectbritain.co.uk
- Extracts from the Survey of English Dialects and the Millennium Memory Bank document how we spoke and lived in the 20th century. ...
- View whole collection Text introduction Choose another collection You are here > Collect Britain main > Collections > English Accents and Dialects English Accents and Dialects.
8. HLW: Introduction: Dialects and Languages
- www.indiana.edu
- Dialects and languages .
- 4 Dialects and languages.
- Idiolects and dialects.
- Some of this variation has to do with the constant contact between dialects that is a fact of life in most communities, though not necessarily in a village in Papua New Guinea. ...
- Thus in one sense a language is a set of dialects. ...
- Two dialects of one language or two separate languages? .
- But how do we decide when a collection of dialects is a language and not just another, more general dialect? As we've already seen, a dialect can also be a set of dialects (the North American English dialect consists of Southern dialect, New England dialect, Canadian dialect, etc. ...
- Given two overlapping sets of linguistic conventions associated with two different speech communities, for example, Mexican Spanish and Argentine Spanish, how do we decide whether they should count as two dialects or two separate languages? One criterion is the degree of overlap: how similar are the vocabulary, the pronunciation, the grammar, and the usage? There is in fact no simple way to measure this overlap; one way to have a sense of it is mutual intelligibility, the extent to which speakers from the two or more speech communities can understand each other. ... The idea is simply that if two sets of linguistic conventions are similar enough so that their speakers can usually understand each other, then the two sets of conventions should count as dialects of the same language rather than separate languages. On these grounds, we call Mexican Spanish and Argentine Spanish dialects of the same language (Spanish) because speakers of these dialects have little trouble understanding each other. ...
- But Bavarian is clearly closely related to those other dialects and not more closely related to dialects of some other language, and so for mainly political reasons, it is convenient to consider it a dialect of the German "language", rather than a language in its own right. Something similar con be said about the speaking conventions of the older generation in the Ryukyu Islands in southern Japan (because these dialects are dying out, most young people do not speak them). On the basis of mutual intelligibility, we could divide the island dialects into several separate languages, each distinct from the Japanese language. But the Ryukyu Islands are part of Japan, and these dialects are clearly related to Japanese and not related at all to any other known language (unless we consider each of them to be languages). So for political reasons, it is convenient to consider them dialects of Japanese, just as the dialect of Osaka is considered a dialect of Japanese. ...
- Thus on grounds of mutual intelligibility, we might consider Swedish and Danish to be dialects of a single language. ... So for mainly political reasons, Swedish and Danish are considered separate languages rather than dialects of a single language. ...
9. Other Dialects - Using and Porting GNU Fortran
- gcc.gnu.org
- 9 Other Dialects.
- GNU Fortran supports a variety of features that are not considered part of the GNU Fortran language itself, but are representative of various dialects of Fortran that g77 supports in whole or in part. ...
10. English Accents and Dialects
- www.collectbritain.co.uk
- All content Newspapers Advanced search | Search tips You are here > Collect Britain main > Advanced search English Accents and Dialects.
11. Ad.Net Northern Kyushu Dialects
- adtimmering.net
- Dialects of Northern Kyushu.
- With the dialects of the Northern prefectures belonging to the same dialect group, most of the grammatical structures will be similar in the dialects of Saga, Kumamoto, Fukuoka and Oita, sometimes even for Western Japan as a whole. ...
12. Languages and dialects in Spain
- www.staff.ncl.ac.uk
- Languages and Dialects in Spain.
- In the remainder of Spain, an area that broadly coincides with the Kingdom of Castile at the height of its territorial expansion, Spanish is the pre-eminent language, having gradually displaced the Romance dialects of central Spain, viz. ...
- Languages and Dialects in Modern Spain.
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