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• 02 The American Transit of Venus Expeditions of 1882, Including San Antonio.
• Transits of Venus, in which the planet Venus crosses the face of the Sun as seen from Earth, are rare phenomena that occur at intervals of 105. ... The importance of these transits was that by precisely timing the motion of Venus accross the Sun, they provided a method of determining the solar parallax, and thus Earth-Sun distance and the scale of the solar system, one of the great unsolved problems in the history of astronomy at the time. ...
• Eight American expeditions were fitted out in 1874, organized by the Transit of Venus Commission, with Simon Newcomb as Secretary. ...
• The next transit of Venus will occur, as Harkness put it "when the June flowers are blooming in 2004," followed by the second of the pair in 2012. ... But the coming transits of Venus will still be eagerly anticipated as one of astronomy's rarest occurrences, occurrences that at one time stimulated herculean efforts and great controversy. ...

• Inside Venus .
• The interior of Venus.
• Venus is a slightly smaller than the Earth, with a radius 95% that of Earth (12,103 km) and a mass 81% that of Earth. ...
• The interior of Venus is probably similar to Earth's interior. Venus, like Earth, is one of the terrestrial planets and is made of rock and metal. ... The planet rotates very slowly, taking more than 243 Earth days to spin once on it's axis (even longer than the time it takes for Venus to orbit the Sun, about 225 Earth days). ...
• The varied terrain of Venus, including volcanoes, mountains, craters, and lava flows, suggests that the planet was once, and perhaps still is, geologically active. But basic questions about the interior of Venus remain, such as the thickness of the lithosphere. ...

• Transit of Venus.
• The transit of Venus is like an eclipse, only the planet Venus rather than the Moon passes between the Earth and the Sun.
• On the basis of his calculations, Kepler predicted that a transit of Venus would occur on 6 December 1631. However, the phenomenon was not scientifically recorded until 24 November 1639, after Jeremiah Horrocks (1619-1641), an English cleric and astronomer, reworked Kepler’s calculations and concluded that transits of Venus occurred in pairs spaced eight years apart roughly every 120 years. ...
• It takes about 7 hours for Venus to pass across the Sun. ...
• In 1663, James Gregory, a Scots mathematician and astronomer, suggested that a more accurate measurement of the Solar Parallax could be gained from observations of the transit of Venus made from various widely separate geographical locations. ...
• In the paper he championed the idea of a scientists of various nations observing the 1761 and 1769 transits of Venus in as many parts of the world as possible. ...
• Halley’s work was largely the inspiration for one of the aims of James Cook’s first voyage being the observation of the Transit of Venus from the newly encountered island of Tahiti. ...
• During the observations of the 1761 and 1767 transits, the silhouette of Venus appeared with a curved surface as it passed across the Sun. ...

• VENUS TRANSIT 2004.
• The Venus Transit 2004.
•  Planet Venus Info.
•  Venus Transit Voyages.
• The fact that Venus transits are so rare - the last one happened in the year 1882 - makes all of us extremely privileged to witness one this year. ...
• It is true that another Venus Transit will happen in 2012, but it will not be visible in Europe. ...
• the many aspects of the Venus Transit, as explained at different levels of detail on the numerous Brief and Extended InfoSheets. ...
• the Kids' Area (7 - 11 years) with interesting text and pictures about the Venus Transit. ...
• Whatever you choose to do, we wish you much fun and not least, clear skies where your are at the time of Venus Transit on June 8, 2004!.
• Students and Teachers who would like to perform observations of Venus and the Sun are invited to study the webpage on "How to Observe". ...
• This means that you must register before with the VT-2004 programme and then deliver your observations during the Venus transit event. ...
• Of particular interest will be a preview of the first part (about 1/3) of the 28-min TV-film about the Venus Transit and the VT-2004 programme, now available here; it concerns observations of the transit and the involvement of school students and their teachers. ...
• While the material at this central VT-2004 website is all in English, information about the Venus Transit suitable for students and teachers in other languages is now available at the websites of several VT-2004 National Nodes. ...
• A series of Educational Sheets has been prepared with suggestions for class activities before and during the Venus Transit. ...
• EduSheet 1: "Why does the Transit of Venus occur rarely and with a special rhythm?" .
• EduSheet 2: "How the Transit of Venus can be used to determine the Earth-Sun distance" .

• Observing the Transit of Venus.
• To safely observe the Transit of Venus you must use the indirect methods outlined below.
• Four safe routes to Venus observing heaven.
• You won't be making high-quality observations with this, but on a clear, bright day you should be able to have a stab at timing the Contacts as Venus starts and finishes its pass across the Sun - see our Transit Calculator for more details of these timings.
• Note the image will be small, and it will be tricky to make out Venus.
• Every where on the web we see a picture of the Transit of Venus showing the planet following a straight track across the lower half of the Sun's disc. ...
• For example, if you use a solar projection telescope it will be rotated through 180 degrees, so that Venus will appear at the "top right" instead of the "bottom left". ...
• This is important because it changes the apparent path of Venus across the Sun into a curve!.
• The up shot of this is that it is quite difficult to determine exactly where First Contact (as Venus enters the Sun's disc) will occur for a given set of equipment.
• Black drop effect is the apparent "stretching" of the disc of Venus as it separates from the edge of the Sun's disc. This is not due to the atmosphere of Venus, but instead due to the observing equipment resolution - in other words due to the fact that Transits of Venus have been observed with small telescopes.
• Venus' atmospheric halo has also been reported. ...
• Transit of Venus 8th June 2004.
• On the morning of Tuesday the 8th June 2004, people throughout the day-lit portions of the globe will be able to see the Transit of Venus across the disc of the Sun. ...
• However, as explained in our Science section, the silhouette of Venus appears at different points on the Sun's disc from different places on Earth. This means that in some places the part of the disc Venus is crossing is wider or narrower than assumed for these times. ...

• Transits of Mercury and Venus.
• The two inner planets, Mercury and Venus, occasionally transit across the face of Sun and can be seen, with suitable equipment, as a black dot on the Sun.   Such transits are fairly rare : for Mercury a number occur each century, but for Venus they are less frequent, pairs of them occur separated by 8 years, but the pairs are themselves separated by either 105. ...
• Two transits each of Mercury and Venus will occur in the first 12 years of the 21st century. ...
• For Australia and New Zealand the most famous example of this was in 1769 when Captain Cook in Endeavour was in charge of an expedition to observe the transit of Venus from Tahiti in June of that year. ...
• The transit of Venus and the distance to the Sun .
• Transits of Venus in the 21st century.
• The next pair of transits of Venus occur fairly early in the 21st century, in June 2004 and in June 2012.   Transits of Venus can only occur in June or December.   There were no transits of Venus during the 20th century, the last pair being in December 1874 and 1882. ...
• For both of these localities the sun will just about have set before Venus has fully moved onto the solar disk. ...
• The ascending node of Venus is at a longitude of nearly 77° and the descending node is at nearly 257°. ...   So transits of Venus must occur close to these two dates. ...

• Historical Observations of Venus Transits in Iran.
• It is often stated that the first observation of a Venus transit was made in 1639 by Jeremia Horrocks and that this and the next four transits of Venus were the only transits of this planet ever observed. But is it possible that other observers had been able to witness this event in the past? Since the angular diameter of Venus is about one arcminute, equal to the angular resolution of the human eye, a dedicated observer can easily recognize the planet while crossing the face of the Sun. ...
• Avicenna may has observed a transit of Venus in 1032.
• Although clear evidence of a Venus transit observation in the ancient times has not yet been found, some reports of such observations made by Persian Islamic scientists do exist. In most cases, however, the reported observation has been recognized to be that of a Sunspot rather than the planet Venus passing in front of the Sun, but one such report seams to be correct according to substantial evidence. ...
• In his â œbook of Healingâ � or â œShifaâ � Avicenna mentions his observation of a transit of Venus. ... The question is whether Venus and Mercury are closer to the Sun than the Earth or farther. First he explains the two existing views regarding this subject, and then he points out that those who consider the two planets farther argue that they have never seen Venus or Mercury passing in front of the Sun (to cover the sun, as he calls it) and therefore they assume that these planets are located above the sun. ...
• Here is the translation of Avicennaâ ™s statement in his book "Shifa": â œIn the old days people believed the spheres of Mercury and Venus were located beneath the sphere of the Sun, but then some other people assumed that the two spheres were over the Sun, because they never saw the two planets covering the Sun. ... I say that I have seen Venus as a spot on the Sunâ ™s faceâ �. ...
• Considering Avicennaâ ™s reputation as an accurate scientist and his scientific back ground, it is almost certain that an observation of the transit of Venus has in fact been made 607 years before Horrocks by Avicenna. Another historical observation of a Venus transit.
• The last transit of Venus which occurred in 1882 was not visible from Iran but 8 years later Iranians witnessed another Venus transit on December 9,1874. ... Therefore Isfahan is one of the places where the first photographs of a Venus transit were taken. ...
• Transit of Venus .

• The Venus Transit.
• Venus imaged with a ultra-violet filter to enhance.
• A Venus Passage occurs when we can see Venus passing directly in front of the sun. ... Unlike the Moon, which covers most of the Sun, Venus appears as a small dot crossing the face of the Sun. A passage (technicaly called a transit) can only occur with the inner planets--Mercury and Venus--because they are the only two that can lie between the Earth and Sun during their orbits.
• We are about to experience the first Venus Passage in this millenium. The Venus Passage presently upon us comes in a pair, with each transit in the pair spaced eight years apart. ...
• In one 243-year Venus Passage cycle there are two pair spaced 121. ... The last Venus Passage (pair) occurred 129. ...
• This article explores the eight-year pentagonal cycle of Venus; how the retrogrades of Venus are created; the 243-year Venus Passage cycle; why the transits in this cycle come in pairs for a while and why they then become singular; the drift of this cycle through the zodiak; the star alignments of the 2004/2012 transits in the sidereal zodiak; the psychophysiology (mental-emotional-physical facets) of Venus in our lives; and the astrophysical resonances of Venus in light (color), sound, and brain wave frequencies.
• The following chart shows the dates of several Venus Passage pairs and the Venus Passage Cycle.
• Venus is the Roman name for the Greek Aphrodite, goddess of love, grace, beauty and sexual rapture. Venus has also been called the "jewel of the sky"; "Eosphorus as the morning star and Hesperus as the evening star"; from a modern day astronomer's view, "Earth's sister planet"; and from an astrologer's view, the "compliment to Mars. ...
• Other cultural names for Venus include: the Babylonian Ishtar; the Syro-Palestinian goddess Ashtart; the Aztec: Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli (meaning "Lord of the House of Dawn. "), an apparition of Quetzalcoatl, the feathered serpent; the Maya: Kukulcan (Venus was the Mayan patron of warfare, with several battles coinciding with significant Venus alignments); and the Norse Sif, noted for her "conjugal fidelity. " Aside from the asteroids, Venus is the only main planet named after a goddess--sorry to say for our soul-ar system.

• The observations of the Transits of Venus in the 18th and 19th centuries sought to determine the dimensions of the solar system. ...
• introduction - what is a transit of Venus, and why observe it? .
• links - online resources, museum exhibitions and events, and websites devoted to the transit of Venus in 2004 .

• The 1882 Transit of Venus:.
• Under Gill's supervision it was erected in an observatory in the grounds just in time for the transit of Venus which occurred on December 6, 1882.
• Secondly, it was the last time until the years 2004 & 2012 that a transit of the planet Venus across the Sun's disk, would occur.
• Because the planes of the orbits of the Earth and Venus differ by 3¼°, transits can only occur when they are simultaniously on the same side of the Sun where the orbits cross (dotted line). ...
• The tracks of Venus across.
• Only the two inner planets, Mercury and Venus, can show this phenomenon when they move in between the Earth and the Sun. In contrast to Mercury, where transits happen at a rate of 13 to 14 per century, transits of Venus are very rare. ... One of these direct methods of determining the distance between the Earth and Sun is to observe the transit of Venus simultaneously from different places on the globe. ...
• It was scarcely in order when the "Transit of Venus Expedition" from the United States, arrived in Cape Town, and soon after decided upon Wellington as the best astronomical station for their purpose. ... Prof Newcomb, the Chief of the Expedition, instructed the pupils in Miss Ferguson's astronomy class and several of us teachers, in the art of reading time quickly on the chronometer, and several of us were invited to share the practice of the astronomers, in observing an artificial transit of Venus, by means of an apparatus invented by one of the party. ...
• The black sheet-metal disk (Venus), one foot in.
• Never in Prof Newcomb's wildest imagination could he ever have imagined that one day distances in the solar system would be refined to within centimetres by bouncing radar beams off Venus or laser light from a mirror put on the Moon by astronauts! This means that in 2004, his observing site reduces even more in academic importance since the 2004 transit will be of relatively little scientific value. ...
• Using two United States Naval Observatory publications, Instructions for Observing the Transit of Venus, December 6, 1882 and List of Articles Furnished to the United States Transit of Venus Parties in December 1882, I managed to make an exact scale drawing of the makeup and layout of Newcomb's observing post in Wellington (see sketch below). ...
• The purpose was to determine the exact moments when the inside and outside edges of Venus and the Sun "touched". So-called first and second contact takes place as the disk of Venus moves onto the Sun and later third and forth contact as Venus clears the Sun's disk. ...
• during the 1882 transit, showing Venus crossing the.

• Drawings of the Transit of Venus by Captain James Cook and Charles Green.
• Venus Transit Exhibition .

• Venus.
• Notes on Constants Table Venus Nomenclature.
• Official names of features on Venus as approved by the International Astronomical Union.
• Data Base of Impact Craters on Venus .
• A data base of impact craters on Venus based on analysis of Magellan radar images and altimetry data. ...

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